The Double Selector Switch: an efficient offense‐defense network module in a pathogenic bacterium


  Mor Nitzan [1,2]  ,  Pierre Fechter [3]  ,  Asaf Peer [2]  ,  Yael Altuvia [2]  ,  Pascale Romby [3]  ,  Ofer Biham [1]  ,  Hanah Margalit [2]  
[1] Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
[2] Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
[3] Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS, IBMC (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology), Strasbourg, France

The adaptation of bacteria to environmental changes depends on their ability to efficiently change gene expression programs by simultaneously switching on and off specific genes. For a pathogenic bacterium, this ability encompasses the control over its virulence extent under different conditions. Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium causing a wide-range of human diseases, has the ability to switch between two functional modes in response to quorum sensing signal. The first is a defensive mode, allowing it to use camouflage techniques, protecting it from phagocytosis and promoting adhesion to host cells and tissue matrix. The second is an offensive mode, allowing the bacterium to produce and excrete toxins, which damage its target cells. While this phenotypic switching was described in the literature, as well as the cellular networks involved in it, its core regulatory module and its dynamic characteristics are not fully understood. We identified in Staphylococcus aureus a sophisticated regulatory module that efficiently carries out this switching task. This module, termed Double Selector Switch, comprises the RNA regulator RNAІІІ and the transcription factor Rot, defining two combined feed-forward loops that involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. The two feed-forward loops, each independently coherent, coordinate the inverse expression of two gene sets, switching the behavior of the bacterial population. We show by mathematical modeling and simulation, as well as experimentally, the dynamics of the Double Selector Switch and its coordination of target expression. In addition, our analysis also show that this regulatory module guarantees tight regulation, structural robustness and tolerance to transient signals, which may be optimal in many biological contexts. We suggest that this module confers an adaptive advantage to the bacteria harboring it and offers a promising template for synthetic design of an efficient switch.