Magic Frequencies in Atom-Light Interaction for Precision Probing of the Density Matrix


  Menachem Givon [1]  ,  Yair Margalit [1]  ,  Amir Waxman [1]  ,  Tal David [2]  ,  David Groswasser [1]  ,  Yonathan Japha [1]  ,  Ron Folman [1]  
[1] Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
[2] Israel Aerospace Industries, Ramta Division, 1 Nafha Street, Beer Sheva 84102, Israel

One of the proposed qubits for quantum information is the hyperfine ground state of a neutral atom or ion. If all Zeeman sublevels are used it is called a qudit. A possible method to perform quantum state tomography of such an atom is by measuring the polarization moments ρκ. However, a standard light absorption method for measuring the κ=0 moment (which is proportional to the hyperfine population) would be inaccurate in this case, since the absorption is sensitive to the hyperfine population distribution between the various Zeeman sublevels. A high fidelity measurement is therefore required. Here we demonstrate a method for precision probing of the κ=0 moment, using atom-light interaction in vapor. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the existence of a magic frequency for which the absorption of a linearly polarized light beam by vapor alkali-metal atoms is independent of the population distribution among the Zeeman sub-levels and the angle between the beam and a magnetic field. The phenomenon originates from a peculiar cancelation of the contributions of higher moments of the atomic density matrix, and is described using the Wigner-Eckart theorem and inherent properties of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients.