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On the Evolution and Survival of Protoplanets Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disk
Vazan Allona , Ravit Helled
Geophysics and Planetary Sciences Department, Tel Aviv University
We model the evolution of a Jupiter-mass protoplanet formed by the disk instability mechanism at various radial distances accounting for the presence of the protoplanetary disk. Using three different disk models, it is found that a newly-formed Jupiter-mass protoplanet at radial distance of ~<5-10 AU cannot undergo a dynamical collapse and evolve further to become a gravitational bound planet. We therefore conclude that giant planets, if formed by gravitational instability mechanism, must form and remain at large radial distances during the first ~ 105 - 106 years of their evolution. The minimum radial distances in which protoplanets of 1 Saturn-mass, 3 and 5 Jupiter-mass can evolve using a disk model with M_dot=10-6 Msun/yr and α=10-2 are found to be 12, 9, and 7 AU, respectively. The effect of gas accretion from the disk on the planetary of a Jupiter-mass protoplanet is also investigated. It is shown that gas accretion can shorten the pre-collapse timescale substantially. Our study suggest that the timescale of the pre-collapse stage does not only depend on the planetary mass, but it is greatly affected by the presence of the disk and efficient gas accretion.